Professional Capstone Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

ASU Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid More

ASU Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid More Over portion of all understudies to Alabama State University get dismissal letters; in 2016, the acknowledgment rate was 46 percent. All things considered, the affirmations bar isnt excessively high. Many conceded understudies have SAT and ACT scores that are underneath normal, and a GPA of C or higher is regularly satisfactory (best candidates are up in the An a B run). The college utilizes a list of GPA and grades for affirmation qualification, so understudies with higher evaluations can have lower test scores and tight clamp versa. Make certain to visit the ASU affirmations site for more data. Will You Get In? Compute Your Chances of Getting Inâ with this free device from Cappex Affirmations Data (2016): Alabama State University Acceptance Rate: 46 percentGPA, ACT and SAT diagram for Alabama StateTest Scores 25th/75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 370/460SAT Math: 360/460What these SAT numbers meanCompare Alabama SAT scoresACT Composite: 15â /19ACT English: 14/19ACT Math: 15â /17What these ACT numbers meanCompare Alabama ACT scores Alabama State University Description: Alabama State University is an open, truly dark college situated on a 135-section of land grounds in Montgomery, a city with a rich social equality history. Established in 1867, the schools long history has advanced with the citys. Today, understudies originate from 42 states and 7 nations, and they can look over approximately 50 degree programs at the undergrad and graduate level. Science, business, criminal equity, and social work are especially famous. The educational program is upheld by a 17 to 1â student/staff proportion. Understudy life is dynamic at the college and incorporates various brotherhoods and sororities. In games, the Alabama State Hornets, contend in the NCAA Division I Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). The college fields seven mens and nine womens Division I sports. Enlistment (2016): Absolute Enrollment: 5,318 (4,727 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38 percent male/62 percent female92 percent full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Educational cost and Fees: $9,220â (in-state); $16,156â (out-of-state)Books: $1,600 (why so much?)Room and Board: $5,422Other Expenses: $3,392Total Cost: $19,634â (in-state); $26,570 (out-of-state) Alabama State University Financial Aid (2015-16): Level of New Students Receiving Aid: 97 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 90 percentLoans: 83 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $6,831Loans: $6,634 Scholastic Programs: Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Communications, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Physical Education, Psychology, Social WorkWhat major is directly for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Move, Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time understudies): 63 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 7 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 22 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports: Football, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports: Soccer, Tennis, Volleyball, Softball, Basketball, Bowling, Track and Field Information Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

The Center of Attention and Social Anxiety Disorder

The Center of Attention and Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Overcoming a Fear of Being the Center of Attention When You Have SAD By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 10, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images Fear of attention is common for those with social anxiety disorder (SAD).?? Although avoiding the limelight might feel like a good strategy to control your anxiety, in the long run, you are teaching yourself that you cant handle being in the spotlight. Using Exposure Therapy to Help Address a Fear of Being the Center of Attention In contrast, gradually introducing yourself into situations in which others are focused on you will help you to overcome your fears. This process is known as exposure therapy  and is usually one part of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program.?? You can also practice exposures on your own as part of a self-help regimen. The idea is to create a list of feared situations ranging from the least anxiety-provoking to the most anxiety-provoking. Slowly, you progress through the list, staying in each situation long enough so that your anxiety lessens and you overcome your fears.?? When practicing exposures, it is important not to use partial avoidance strategies or safety behaviors. An example of this would be telling someone your opinion but do it in such a quiet voice that you cant be heard. If you are going to engage in these situations, you need to fully experience the anxiety that arises and then subsides. In addition to practicing in real life, you can also try out situations in your imagination. This is a good way to get started and can have an impact on how you handle them in reality. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Fear Hierarchy Related to Being the Center of Attention Below is a list of potential items for your fear hierarchy related to being the center of attention. Remember to tailor this list to your particular situation and make sure to order the items so that the easiest ones come first.?? Wear something flashy. Wear something that makes you stand out in a crowd.Spill your food. Instead of being afraid to shake and spill your food, do it on purpose.Knock something over in a store. Pretend to fumble and knock over a food display in a grocery store.Stumble over your words. Are you afraid to trip over your words? Do it on purpose and jumble what you are trying to say.Make a phone call in front of people. Instead of waiting to be alone to make a phone call, do it in front of other people.Talk loudly. When you make a phone call talk loud enough so that everyone in earshot can hear you.Offer your opinion about a hot topic. If everyone is discussing a movie or current event, offer your opinion to the group.Answer a question in class. If you are a student, put your hand up and offer an answer the next time your teacher asks the class a question.Participate in a sport. Take part in a sport that will require you to be the center of attention some of the time such as baseball, vo lleyball or horseshoes.Play a game. Play a party game or card game such as Trivial Pursuit or Euchre. Use the above list to create your own fear hierarchy for being the center of attention. If you find that your anxiety is severe or that you are unable to face these types of situations at all, you should consider contacting your doctor or a mental health professional for diagnosis and a treatment plan. Coping With Fear of Social Situations

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development - 877 Words

Jean Piaget is one of many theorists to have proposed ideas about development. However he was the first to make a methodical study of cognitive development. In his theory Piaget describes four main stages of psychological development which he believes children move through. His theory suggests that each stage helps to construct the next; leading cognitive abilities to become more advanced as we grow older. When taking into consideration discontinuity and continuity; Piaget’s cognitive stages leans towards both continuity, due to the belief that children construct their own knowledge based on experiences, and also discontinuity as a child must move through one stage before they can reach another for the cognitive system to develop further. Piaget’s understanding of the different stages suggests that the development of the cognitive structure develops in distinct stages supporting discontinuity. The first stage is known as the ‘Sensorimotor Stage’; which occurs in early childhood, between birth and two years. This is the stage where information is gained through sensory and motor skills. Throughout the first stage the infant is trying to make sense of the world which they see around them. By using assimilation and accommodation, which is the process of relating physical actions and perceived responses to grasp a sense of the world, a child can gradually create schemas and place old schemas to new ideas. Two of the major sensorimotor activities are object permanence andShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1045 Words   |  5 Pageshave shaped our understandings of the human mind and our behaviors. Jean Piaget was by no means an exception. Piaget was a clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Over the course of his later career in child psychology, he identified four stages of mental development that took into account young people s development from basic object identification t o highly abstract thought. This paperRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1553 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget is considered to be very influential in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget had many influences in his life which ultimately led him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. His theory has multiple stages and components. The research done in the early 1900’s is still used today in many schools and homes. People from various cultures use his theory when it comes to child development. Although there are criticisms and alternatives to his theory, it is still largelyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I want to analyse Jean Piaget’s (1936) stage theory of cognitive development and Erik Erikson’s (1959) theory on stage development. Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development where Erikson’s applies a more psychosocial lens. I will be analysin g the key concepts of each theory and comparing them to see the similarities and differences in the theorists thinking. Piaget’s theory is made up of four stages. The first stage was the sensitometer stage. This occurs from birth to twoRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s theory of development many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget arguesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive And Affective Development1693 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget Timothy Carlton Southwest Tennessee Community College A Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For Life Span Psychology 2130-L01 July 31, 2014 â€Æ' â€Æ' Abstract Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive and Affective Development is a result of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding mental processes and the behaviors presented by those processes. Piaget’s theory encompasses developmentRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development895 Words   |  4 Pageshave contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He is one of the mostRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small setRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theories

International Labor Standards Of Child Work - 906 Words

V. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE International labour standards characterize child work by its outcomes; it includes work that is rationally, physically, socially or ethically perilous and destructive to children, and meddles with their educating. UNICEF characterizes child work as work that surpasses a base number of hours, contingent upon the age of a child and on the sort of work. The 18th International Conference of Labor Statisticians held at Geneva held that Child work (slated for nullification) ought to reflect the engagement of children in undesirable exercises and could fall into the accompanying classes: (i) Labour that is performed by a child who is below the minimum age specified for that kind of work and that is thus likely to impede the child’s education and full development. (ii) Labour that jeopardizes the health, safety or morals of a child, either because of its nature or because of the conditions in which it is carried out (known as hazardous work). (iii) The worst forms of child labour other than hazardous work which are internationally defined to encompass children (persons below 18 years of age) in slavery, trafficking, debt bondage and other forms of forced labour, forced recruitment of children for use in armed conflict, their use in prostitution and pornography, and illicit activities The International Labor Organization has evaluated that in 2004 there were 218 million children caught in child work of whom 126 million where in dangerous work. TheShow MoreRelatedIs Your Chocolate the Result of Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor650 Words   |  3 Pagesof Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor?† 1. Should labor practices in another country be a relevant consideration in international trade? Why or why not? Yes, labor practices in another country should be relevant for consideration in international trade. The reason for concern is labor and social advocates has increased imports from countries in which labor standards are apparently not enforced at an adequately high level. It’s important to have labor restrictions and eliminateRead MoreChild Labor During A Nike Factory1666 Words   |  7 PagesCHILD LABOR IN A NIKE FACTORY IN PAKISTAN Abstract This paper especially focuses on the problem of Child Labor in Pakistan with respect to the case of the world-renowned sports brand Nike and its use of children in its factories in Pakistan. A set of laws that can be established to eradicate this evil from Pakistan have been elaborated upon in the paper, these proposals include the Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), the International Human Right Treaty by the General AssemblyRead MoreIkea’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor1548 Words   |  7 PagesIKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor Ethics in Business and Society Professor Stephen Griffith Otis West Tuesday, November 6, 2012 IKEA is the world’s largest furniture store that offers well-designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices. The store offers home furnishings to meet the needs of everyone. The company vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people. Ikea is able to back their vision with their products and prices. In additionalRead MoreCall to Improve Living and Working Conditions Before World War I582 Words   |  3 Pagesliving conditions, and equal labor standards began before the outbreak of the World War I. This lead to the formation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1919 by the Treaty Versailles, with the main objective of promoting peace and social justice in the labor industry. However over the past 90 years, the ILO has adopted more than 188 conventions on topics such as collective bargaining, freedom of association, gender discrimination, forced labor, child labor, social security, occupationalRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Labour1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe tem â€Å"Child Labour† is often defined as work that deprives children from their childhood, their potential and their dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It is serious and extensive problem with many children under the age of 14 years. Children living in poorest household and in rural areas are mostly likely to be engaged in child labour. Children have worked for as long as families have needed all hands to pitch in. Beyond defining work as a means of survival, definingRead MoreExploration of Child Labor1677 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor, a Global Problem with Local Causes Christopher King, Debra Hang - Aguayo, India Williams University of Phoenix It is hard to imagine that in 2009 that child labor still exists. However, it is true that children all over the world are waking up and going to work instead of going to school. As the gap between the rich and poor grows, more children will be forced to give up school for work. Is there an answer to this problem that will lead to the elimination of the dilemmaRead MoreDefense Of Globalization Is Beneficial For Every Nation1064 Words   |  5 PagesBhagwati gives an in-depth definition of globalization as the â€Å"integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct-foreign investment, short term capital flows, international flows of workers†¦ and flows of technology.† Then he tackles down various issues such as globalization’s effects on domestic and foreign labor market, women’s rights, gender discrimination, child labor abuse, and environmental destruction. The scope of Bhagwati’s book mainly embraces globa lization andRead MoreEssay about When will child labor cease to exist?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhen will child labor cease to exist? Child labor is and has always been a difficult problem to address. In the global market system which exists today, the problem has become that much more difficult. Now more than ever before, markets are interdependent, and the regulation and governance of them is a convoluted process to say the least. The regulatory structure is not intact; no one knows who will regulate such issues, internationally and locally, governmentally, and in the private sectorRead MoreEffectively Managing Employee Compensation and Benefit Packages1289 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization can take when structuring global benefit packages. It is important for the human resources team to remember that different types of plans may be needed for an organization that operates in many countries simultaneously. What works in one country may not work in another, which highlights the need for the human resources team to have an in-depth understanding and comprehensive knowledge base of each country in which their or ganization operates. Haile and Williams (2011) advise organizationsRead MoreRules On How It Could Be Connected867 Words   |  4 Pagescould be connected. Suggestions can likewise be self-governing, i.e. not connected to any convention. Conventions and proposals are drawn up by agents of governments, bosses, and specialists and are received at the ILO s yearly International Labor Conference. Once a standard is embraced, part states are required under the ILO Constitution to submit them to their skilled power (regularly the parliament) for thought (Hughes Haworth, 2011). On account of traditions, this implies thought for sanction

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Free Essays

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is the Scientific Method; of which will be further explored. This paper will discuss and make sense of the roles in which both research and statistics play in the field of Psychology, and the procedures in which such methods are conducted will be defined. This will include explanations of the validity, importance, and relevance of the above stated procedures, as such are referenced for study. The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Research and statistics play a crucial role in the field of psychology, both of which are used to ascertain and examine informational data. Such methods are used to greatly increase the effectiveness and success of an organization or field of study. Scientific or logical informational data is typically established through the use of the scientific method. Over the course of research history and study, the scientific method has become known to be the most reliable and consistent method of obtaining dependable knowledge. Such knowledge is then kept and utilized by researchers, either for their own study (primary data), or by a secondary party referencing said data (secondary data). Essentially, the field of Psychology is geared towards ascertaining the truth about people, the mental process, and behaviors that follow. The truth can only truly be found through the above methods. The Scientific Method For as long as the human mind has had thought, human beings have, in one way or another, questioned, observed, and analyzed the world we live in and the way we proceed to live within it. These human beings, the thinkers, the observers, the analyzers have always been and still remain the scholars of their time period. The phrase â€Å"method of scholars† is an alternative title for the scientific method, for it is the absolute best set of methods in finding the truth, and of course the scholars would know. It has often been said that the greatest discovery in science was the discovery of the scientific method of discovery†: (Feibleman, 1972). This method is an investigation in which a problem is initially identified. With this, observations, experiments, and other relevant data (provided by research) are then used to create or test hypotheses that lead to conclusions about the original prob lem. The steps involved in this process include: 1) Forming a testable hypothesis. 2) Devising a research plan and method of application. 3) Collecting data and researching. 4) Analyzing the data and reaching possible conclusions about the study. ) Report findings. This research can be characterized as an activity of creative work that is carried out in a systematic way in an effort to increase knowledge and truth. In the field of psychology, this refers to the knowledge of the human mind, human behavior, cultures, and societies. In order to fully understand how researchers, scientists, psychologists, scholars, and students alike reach such conclusions, one needs to recognize the importance of the research process and measures that are applied when conducting the various types of psychological research. With this knowledge, one will not only understand what is involved in reaching conclusions about psychology, but also how to do so oneself. (McLeod, 2008) Primary and Secondary Data. Primary and secondary data are both key components in any piece of information. These two types of data are used within many avenues of life, not just research and science. They can be published or unpublished and in any media presentation, from print to electronic. Therefore, since Primary and secondary data are quite abundant, yet perhaps undistinguishable from the uneducated eye†¦ What exactly are the differences and characteristics of such? The distinct difference between primary and secondary data is the method of research in which the data was found. While primary data is both researched and utilized by the same source, secondary data comes from the research of a combination of external or secondary sources. An accurate example of primary data is that of personal vital statistics records, for such are accounts that have been personally witnessed and recorded by the source, and then kept by public institutions, as well as the source. Specific examples of personal records would include but are not limited to: birth certificates, death certificates, and marriage licenses. Such examples are vital to the functioning of an individual and the organization (country) of which that individual resides. Additionally, such documents can be used in genealogical research, and other research projects related to society, culture, and psychology. One stepped removed from the original source of data, would be data that is secondary. A prime example of such would be information found in textbooks and historical documents, which are comprised of information that was borrowed from multiple primary sources. Case in point, when a history book includes computed data regarding a regions birth and death rates for a specific time period, the birth and death certificates would have originally been considered primary data, but when utilized and calculated by an outside source for the purpose of a study shown in the book, that data then becomes secondary. (McLeod, 2008) Statistics in Research. Statistics are a crucial part of research. Without, statistics, it is nearly impossible to attain a definitive conclusion and/or compute data in any research study. Being that the study of statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and making inferences from data, it quite literally communicates research findings in an effort to give credibility to the research itself. Obviously, it is imperative that researchers understand statistics, however, it is also important that the general population has at least a basic understanding of such. For not only researchers, but the entire population is bombarded by statistics every day, and in one way or another, everyone performs research. Whether the research is nominal, such as comparing prices, or significant, such as proving a ground breaking psychological theory, the point remains that it is all research and all research is comprised of statistics (Aron Coups, 2009). Conclusion. Arthur Schopenhauer once said, â€Å"Just as the largest library, badly arranged, is not so useful as a very moderate one that is well arranged, so the greatest amount of knowledge, if not elaborated by our own thoughts, is worth much less than a far smaller volume that has been abundantly and repeatedly thought over. Schopenhauer’s quote is an excellent representation of the importance of research, the scientific method, primary data, secondary data, and the role of statistics in research. Essentially, an abundance of information is only influential and valuable when it has been analyzed and brought to purposeful point. Through the understanding and proper use of the above explored topics, one can surely make a positive impact up on the field of Psychology and research alike. References Aron, A. , Aron, E. N. , Coups, E. J. (2009). Statistics for psychology (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 428. Retrieved from http://todayinsci. com/QuotationsCategories/P_Cat/Psychology-Quotations. htm Feibleman, Dr. James. (1972). The Scientific Method. Retrieved from http://www. scientificmethod. com/index2. html McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychology as a Science. Retrieved from http://www. simplypsychology. org/science-psychology. html Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson. (2002). â€Å"A scientific method based upon research scientists’ conceptions of scientific inquiry. (Presentation). Presented at the Annual International Conference of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science. Retrieved from http://cires. colorado. edu/education/outreach/rescipe/collection/inquirystandards. html Sage, Nicole. (2001). â€Å"Steps of the Scientific Method†. Introduction to Research. Retrieved from http://finntrack. co. uk/learners/research. htm Figures The S cientific Method based on Research Scientists’ Conceptions of Scientific Inquiry (Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson , 2002) Standard Steps of the Scientific Method (Sage, 2001) How to cite The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology, Essays The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Free Essays John B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skinner’s radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinner’s emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influences in human development. Watson’s criticized of Sigmund Freud has been given credit for helping to disseminate principles of Freudian psychoanalysis. Watson is known for the Little Albert study and his dozen healthy infants quote. Watson is given credit for popularizing the term behaviorism with the publication of his seminal 1913 article â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. † In the article, Watson argued that psychology had failed in its quest to become a natural science, largely due to a focus on consciousness and other unseen phenomena. Rather than study these unverifiable ideas, Watson urged the careful scientific study of observable behavior. His view of behaviorism was a reaction to introspection, where each researcher served as their own research subject. The study of consciousness by Freud and Watson believed to be subjective and unscientific. Watson believed that controlled laboratory studies were the most effective way to study learning. In approach manipulation of the learner’s environment was the key to fostering development. The approach stands in contrast to techniques that placed the emphasis for learning in the mind of the learner. The 1913 article gives credit for the founding of behaviorism but it had a minor impact after its publication. Watson prepared psychologists and educators for the highly influential work of Skinner and other radical behaviorists in subsequent decades. B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. His most important work was the study of behaviorism. John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today; Influence in Psychology. B. F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. Skinner was responsible for experiments such as the â€Å"Skinner box†. He wrote some very famous books. One of them was â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. This book describes the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement. Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, â€Å"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science. † There are various types of behavior, such as innate behavior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors. B. F. Skinner, in his novel Walden Two, presents many arguments about how he foresees a positive change in the world through manipulation of behavior on the personal level. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. This organism is the process of operating on the environment. This operating the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus called a reinforcing stimulus or reinforcer. The special stimulus have the effect of increasing the operant which is the behavior occurring. Operant conditioning the behavior is followed by a consequence or the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms’ tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. Example; you have a cat and the cat just playing around with a ball and when you throw the ball at the cat and the cat catches it and you give him a treat. The cat is starts to catch the ball as you throw it in the air . The operant is the behavior prior to. The cat will stop the trick which you’re were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. If you were to start showing the dog treats then likely the cat with start doing the tricks again and more quickly than the cat learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the first time the cat was reinforced for doing the tricks. Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside barriers that hinder the ideal of free ill. Skinner believes that humans in good environment can live happy while Freud understands that humans are design to live in some degree of anguish or discontent. Skinner uses the example of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be formed. Skinner’s argues on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Ski nner does not only say that the ideal of individual freedom is farce. He takes further and states that the search for it is where society has gone wrong. He wants no part in the quest for individual freedom. If we give up this illusion, says Skinner, we can condition everyone to act in acceptable ways. Skinner has a specific prescription for creating this utopian society. He believe that all that is necessary is to change the conditions which surround man. He believe that by controlling what a person’s environment is it is possible to craft a man to behave in any way. Skinner wants to use this notion to create a world without pain and suffering. In Walden Two, he describes what conditions are necessary to create a world of happiness. Skinner proposes that to create his perfect society one need only to come up with the characteristics of what man should be. Edward Chace Tolman was a modern cognitive psychology. He showed that animals in learning mazes acquire organized spatial and temporal information about the maze and about the consequences of various alternative behaviors. He was combating the dominant views of his time which emphasized the acquisition of conditioned reflexes rather than knowledge about environmental events. Although several short biographies or reviews of Tolman’s contributions are (Crutchfield, 1961; Crutchfield et al. 1960; Hilgard, 1980; Innes, 1999, 2000; McFarland, 1993; Ritchie, 1964; Tolman, 1952), it is appropriate that one be included in an encyclopedia of learning and memory because workers in this field today are using ideas that were initiated and developed by Tolman. Tolman’s findings and ideal have helped to shape modern understanding of learning, memory and cogniti on. Tolman was similar to the behaviorists in his ideals on objectivity and measurement. He did not believe reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur. Tolman (1932) proposed five types of learning: pproach learning, escape learning, avoidance learning, choice-point learning, and latent learning. All forms of learning depend upon means-end readiness, goal-oriented behavior, mediated by expectations, perceptions, representations, and other internal or environmental variables But the problems with his work were that he poorly defined many terms that he used in his fundamental theories, and that is difficult to make predictions from a point of view because of lack of determining the nature and strength of expectations before hand and when or how expectations may change. There are different ways to think about humans and their behaviors. In modern psychology provide researchers a way to approach problems and find ways to explain and predict human behavior. Develop new treatment for problem with behaviors. All three men contributes to psychology even to psychologist are still using their methods in studies. Several area of the human’s behavior is accomplished by Skinner, Watson and Tolman that stand today in modern psychology. These men did not agree on every thing but made a caramel ground in studying the human behavior. Also they was studied of animal compare with the human’s behavior which many theory still exist today. These three men remain widely accepted, but all have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human thought and behaviors. The field of psychology has come a long way and these are three men that help paved the way for modern psychology for researchers and student who studied field pertaining to psychology. How to cite The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology, Essays

Plato Vs Shelley Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Platonism

Plato Vs Shelley Many works of literature provide responses to much debated topics. Opinions are brought forth by means of rhetorical devices and supported by some type of accepted truth. In two such pieces, The Republic by Plato and A Defense of Poetry by Shelley, Plato expresses a belief about poetry that Shelley disagrees with and responds to. Through rhetorical devices such as metaphors and symbolism and the use of deductive logic and Socratic writing, Plato provides a strong, very supported argument while Shelleys long sentence structure, analogies and metaphors are weak in comparison. The way in which Plato uses deductive logic to express his opinion allows him to fully develop his ideas without making assertions that are incredible. Plato begins with the idea of the ultimate maker of the bed, which he refers to as G-d which is easily accepted by the majority of an audience. Plato believed that there is only one who makes the essence of the bed, (44) the single idea and therefore that is the truth. From there he goes to the carpenter. There is another (bed) which is the work of the carpenter. (44) And finally Plato defines his thesis through metaphor. He uses a metaphor that compares the work of a poet to a mirror. Turning a mirror round and round you would soon enough make the sun and the heavens, and the earth and yourself, and other animals and plants, and all other things of which we were just speaking, in the mirrorbut they would be appearances only. (44) The way in which the writing is interactive with two people creates contradictions, which challenge Plat os beliefs, yet they are still proven throughout. Why not? For the duller eye may often see a thing sooner than the keener. Very true, but in your presence, even if I had any further notion, I could not muster courage to utter it. (43) While this Socratic writing helps Plato to make his argument even more concrete, Shelley uses essay form to portray his ideas somewhat in response to beliefs like those of Plato. Shelleys writing differs in form from Platos in that Shelleys is more straight forward and seems almost as if it were meant to be preached. Reason is to the imagination as the instrument to the agent, as the body to the spirit, as the shadow to the substance. (429) The analogy that Shelley uses portrays that reason is the basis of the imagination, implying that poetry holds truth, yet it is an idealized truth, which is determined by Plato in The Republic to be essentially false. Shelley uses a similar metaphor of a mirror, as did Plato. Poetry is a mirror which makes beautiful that which is distorted. (431) While Shelley is trying to defend poetry, he is still representing is as an image, just as Plato had. Plato uses this mirror symbol more successfully in that he makes the assertion that that in which is imitated, as is a mirror image, is far from the truth. Shelley only states that the image (poetry) is more beautiful than the truth, which is distorted. Plato and Shelley both portray their ideas of poetry through rhetorical devices but Platos argument is much more solid. Because of his Socratic writing form and effective use of metaphors, Platos devices persuasively outweigh Shelleys form, analogies and metaphors. Philosophy

Free Essays on Aol Instant Messenger

AOL prevents another company from instant messaging â€Å"America Online has fired another shot in its ongoing battle against companies trying to tap into its coveted instant messaging network.† Time Warner’s affiliate AOL has been blocking companies trying to tap into its current instant messaging network. These other companies are trying to get there programs to work with AOL’s instant messaging system and AOL has repeatedly turned away these companies stating that it infringes on their privacy policies. Since 1997 AOL has been very popular even though AOL has been involved in legal issues over its instant messenger. AOL began instant messenger or I.M. in 1997 when one of AOL’s program writer’s, Mr. Jim Johnson, designed a brilliant plan to have direct contact between members on an open email page. Jim and AOL received numerous awards for this new design, which let members communicate with each other even while browsing the web. It took off so fast that it spread like a rumor in a small community. Just a few months after its release, almost every member of AOL was using instant messaging on a daily basis. Instant messaging has become the â€Å"norm† since its debut in 1997. Every magazine and newspaper in the country had an article on it. Now it is so common that even six year olds are often seen utilizing the instant messenger program in classrooms. Though it is common, new companies are trying to dip their hands in. Since I.M. became available, other companies have been trying to make similar programs that are compatible with AOL’s Instant messenger. AOL has struck down these ideas every time they occur. AOL has not incurred any legal penalties yet but as time progresses, they may. These other companies are trying to bring lawsuits against AOL saying that the instant messenger technology should be public and not privately owned. AOL has shut the door every time on these people and won. â€Å"The courts u... Free Essays on Aol Instant Messenger Free Essays on Aol Instant Messenger AOL prevents another company from instant messaging â€Å"America Online has fired another shot in its ongoing battle against companies trying to tap into its coveted instant messaging network.† Time Warner’s affiliate AOL has been blocking companies trying to tap into its current instant messaging network. These other companies are trying to get there programs to work with AOL’s instant messaging system and AOL has repeatedly turned away these companies stating that it infringes on their privacy policies. Since 1997 AOL has been very popular even though AOL has been involved in legal issues over its instant messenger. AOL began instant messenger or I.M. in 1997 when one of AOL’s program writer’s, Mr. Jim Johnson, designed a brilliant plan to have direct contact between members on an open email page. Jim and AOL received numerous awards for this new design, which let members communicate with each other even while browsing the web. It took off so fast that it spread like a rumor in a small community. Just a few months after its release, almost every member of AOL was using instant messaging on a daily basis. Instant messaging has become the â€Å"norm† since its debut in 1997. Every magazine and newspaper in the country had an article on it. Now it is so common that even six year olds are often seen utilizing the instant messenger program in classrooms. Though it is common, new companies are trying to dip their hands in. Since I.M. became available, other companies have been trying to make similar programs that are compatible with AOL’s Instant messenger. AOL has struck down these ideas every time they occur. AOL has not incurred any legal penalties yet but as time progresses, they may. These other companies are trying to bring lawsuits against AOL saying that the instant messenger technology should be public and not privately owned. AOL has shut the door every time on these people and won. â€Å"The courts u...

Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine

Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine When todays doctors prescribe an antibiotic to fight infection, they are trying to put the patients body back in balance. While the drugs and medical explanation may be new, this art of equilibrium has been practiced since  Hippocrates day.   I do anatomize and cut up these poor beasts, he said to Hippocrates, to see the cause of these distempers, vanities, and follies, which are the burden of all creatures.- Democritus - The History of Melancholy Humors Corresponding With  the Seasons and Elements In the Hippocratic corpus (believed not to be the work of a single man of that name) disease was thought to be caused by isonomia, the preponderance of one of the four bodily humors: Yellow BileBlack BilePhlegmBlood Four humors matched the four seasons: Autumn: black bileSpring: bloodWinter: phlegmSummer: yellow bile Each of the humors was  associated with one of the four equal and universal elements: EarthAirFireWater Posited by Empedocles: Aristotle, who used the image of wine to expose the nature of black bile. Black bile, just like the juice of grapes, contains pneuma, which provokes hypochondriac diseases like melancholia. Black bile like wine is prone to ferment and produce an alternation of depression and anger...-From Linets The History of Melancholy Earth corresponds with  black bile.  Too much earth made one  melancholic.Air corresponds with blood. Too much air,  sanguine.Fire  corresponds with  yellow bile.  Too much fire,  choleric.Water  corresponds with  phlegm.  Too much water,  phlegmatic. Finally, each element/humor/season was associated with certain qualities. Thus yellow bile was thought of as hot and dry. Its opposite, phlegm (the mucus of colds), was cold and moist. Black Bile was cold and dry, while its opposite, blood was hot and moist. Black Bile: Cold and DryBlood: Hot and MoistPhlegm: Cold and MoistYellow Bile: Hot and Dry As a first step, the prudent Hippocratic physician would prescribe a regimen of diet, activity, and exercise, designed to void the body of the imbalanced humor. According to Gary Lindquesters History of Human Disease,  if it was a fevera hot, dry diseasethe culprit was yellow bile. So, the doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If the opposite situation prevailed (as in a cold), where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine. Resorting to Drugs If the regimen didnt work the next course would be with drugs, often hellebore, a potent poison that would cause vomiting and diarrhea, signs the imbalanced humor was eliminated. Observation of Anatomy We might assume such Hippocratic ideas sprang from speculation rather than experimentation, but observation played a key role. Furthermore, it would be simplistic to say ancient Greco-Roman doctors never practiced human dissection. If nothing else, doctors had anatomical experience dealing with war wounds. But especially during the Hellenistic period, there was extensive contact with the Egyptians whose embalming techniques involved removing bodily organs. In the third century, B.C. vivisection was permitted in Alexandria where living criminals may have been put to the knife. Still, we believe Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, among others, only dissected animal bodies, not human. So mans internal structure was known primarily through analogy with animals, inferences from the externally visible structures, from natural philosophy, and from function. Evaluating the Humoral Theory Such ideas might seem far-fetched today, but Hippocratic medicine was a great advance over the supernatural model that had preceded it. Even if individuals had understood enough about contagion to realize rodents were involved somehow, it was still the Homeric Apollo, the mouse god, who caused it. The Hippocratic etiology based on nature permitted diagnosis and treatment of symptoms with something other than prayer and sacrifice. Besides, we rely on similar analogies today, in Jungian personality types and ayurvedic medicine, to name two. These men demonstrated that when the nutriment becomes altered in the veins by the innate heat, blood is produced when it is in moderation, and the other humours when it is not in proper proportion.-Galen, On the Natural Faculties Bk II Black Bile Cold and Dry Too much earth Melancholic Autumn Blood Hot and Moist Too much air Sanguine Sping Phlegm Cold and Moist Too much water Phlegmatic Winter Yellow Bile Hot and Dry Too much fire Choleric Summer S​ources   www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol2no2/v2n2_The_History_of_Melancholy.html  Ã‚  www.astro.virginia.edu/~eww6n/bios/HippocratesofCos.html]www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/textn.htm accessedviator.ucs.indiana.edu/~ancmed/foundations.htm]  www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htmwww.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htm

Research paper qualitative and quantitative Essay

Research paper qualitative and quantitative - Essay Example Caldwell’s framework is the basis of the research charter that has been followed for the critical analysis of research regarding health. The article is inscribed by Rtensson (RNT) & Persson (PhD, RN) and it was printed in Journal of Nursing Management in 2006. The authors are well known for their credibility. The focus of research is on the a world wide issue nowadays that is the the effect of life-style on health; the relationship between influence on health of working at night and the resulting diet or exercise habits is explored. It argues the issue which can potentially lead to the highest amount of life years mislaid by 2025 that is life style related illness. The issue is handled by concentrating on life-style issues identified with unhealthy dietary patterns and absence of physical action. The key issues discussed here include the affect of different variables/actors on the nurses working during night hours. These include colleagues, circadian rhythm and freedom of action. The facts presented and discussed help identify the objective of research i.e. whether these variables affect the diet and exercise habits of the workers. However, focus is more being laid upon the general health of the workers instead of a specific focus related to what they eat and if they work out or not. Nevertheless, the rationale for carrying out the research is clearly mentioned by stating that there is very scant data available on the relationship between working during night hours and diet or exercise habits: a gap in literature exists on this issue. Qualitative exploration is centered on subjective data. . Gatherings allow the researcher to examine the subject all around with respect to a particular topic and to have more noticeable control over the examination. In observation, subjects can be analyzed in their standard living space. The purpose of this sort of investigation is that the conclusions can be illuminating to

Finacce for buisness Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finacce for buisness - Speech or Presentation Example Round off to the nearest $1. 11. Bobby’s grandmother deposited $100 in a savings account for him when he was born. The money has been earning an annual rate of 12% interest, compounded quarterly for the last 25 years. He is getting married and would like to take his new bride on a fabulous honeymoon. How much does he have in this account to use? 13. Harold Hawkins bought a home for $320,000. He made a down payment of $45,000; the balance will be paid off over 30 years at a 6.775% rate of interest. How much will Haroldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monthly payments be? Round off to the nearest $1. 14.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  You want to travel to Europe to visit relatives when you graduate from college three years from now. The trip is expected to cost a total of $10,000. Your parents have deposited $5,000 for you in a CD paying 6% interest annually, maturing three years from now. Aunt Hilda has agreed to finance the balance. If you are going to put Aunt Hildaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s gift in an investment earning 10% over the next three years, how much must she deposit now so you can visit your relatives in three

Analysis of the Coca Cola Company Essay -- Businesses Coca Cola Market

Analysis of the Coca Cola Company History "Coca-Cola enterprises Incorporated, employees 66,199 operates, 444 facilities, 47,235 vehicles, 1.9 million pieces of cold drink equipment and sold 3.8billion unit cases in 46 states in the united states, all 10 provinces of Canada and portions of Europe including Belgium, France, Great Britain, Luxembourg and the Netherlands" (Coca-Cola facts 99). An, Atlanta Pharmacist Dr. John Slyth Pemberton founded Coca-Cola on May 8, 1886. The carmel colored ingredients, Coca leaves and kola nuts. Later the drink was striped of narcotics. The drink was first designed as a drug that will help people feel better. Pemberton sold his new drink for 5 cents a glass. Some time later carbonated water was added to the syrup and that is how Coca-Cola was invented. Dr. Pemberton sold Coca-Cola out of the pharmacy he worked at. The pharmacy was owned by, a man named Frank M. Robinson. Robinson suggested "Coca-Cola" as a name for Pemberton's drink. The two men took an old oilcloth sing and hung it in the window saying "Drink Coca-Cola". They averaged nine glasses sold a day. In 1886 Pemberton became sick he sold some of his portions of his interest too Asa G. Candler. In 1888 Pemberton died, and Asa Candler began buying all the out standing shares of Coca-Cola. Candler was and Atlanta druggist and businessman. Candler knew Coke was going to be something big. He then had complete control by 1891 for $2,300. In 1892, Candler and his brother John Candler, Frank Robinson and two other associates formed "Coca-Cola Company" in Georgia. Candler was a master at marketing. He handed out coupons for one free glass of Coca-Cola. He also promoted the beverage by painted walls, Clocks, outdoor posters, serving trays and fountain urns. Candler marketing stragety worked Coke was available everywhere. The sales took off. People started calling Coca-Cola "Coke" They urged the customers to call it by its full name, but "Coke" just stuck. "In 1894, the company opened its first syrup manufacturi ng plant outside Atlanta in Dallas Texas. The following year plants opened in Chicago and Los Angeles. Three years after the Coca-Cola Company's incorporation Candler announced in the annual report: "Coca-Cola in the now drunk in every state and territory in the United States" (History of Coca-Cola Company). Joseph A. Biedenharn, of Vicksburg, Mississippi installed ... ...ola's target areas are grocery stores, recreational areas, shops, malls and sporting events. The mass of distribution to cus Bibliography Bibliography Associated Press. "Coca-Cola Recalls More Tainted Drinks." Boston Globe [CD-ROM], 3 July 1999, National/Foreign Section, p. A4. Available: BOSTON GLOBE File: 631. Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. "Facts 1999." Atlanta: Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc., 1999. "Coca-Cola's Global Dominance." https://www.wiley.com:8082/schermerhorn/ oc/page01.htm (13 Oct. 1999). "Coke Insider." Investors Business Daily. Mahoney, Ed. Distribution Manager for Coca-Cola Enterprises. Group Interview. 4 November 1999. Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola. New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Son Publishing Co., 1993. The Coca-Cola Company. "Facts, Figures, and Features." Atlanta: The Coca-Cola Company, 1996. "The Coca-Cola Company Overview." Hoover's Company Profiles. wysiwyg:// bodyframe.14/http://ehostweb14.epnet.com/fulltext.asp (23 Sept. 1999). "The Coca-Cola Company." Profiles. http://www.coca-colacompany.com/ world/world.html (10 Nov. 1999). The Coca-Cola Company. "The Chronicle of Coca- Cola: Since 1886." Atlanta: The Coca-Cola Company, 1950.

Business Law †Case Study Essay

A.Known Facts John wanted to extend his house and built an office from there. He approached Sue after locating an advertisement from the Yellow Pages. As Sue’s price did not seem reasonable, John then approached Drawit Pty Ltd, which charged a hundred dollar less. John paid a deposit. Later, John went to Franks Hardware and Timber Yard. He made known to Frank, the sole proprietor, the purpose and requirement of the materials and placed an order. John signed a standard form contract and paid a deposit. Two months later, problems arose which caused John to delay his business. John incurred financial losses. B.IDENTIFYING THE ISSUES 1.0CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN & FRANK. It is obvious that there is a contract for the sales of goods between Frank and John. Therefore, terms implied by statute into the sales of goods will only be relevant here. 1.1Is it a consumer or non-consumer contract? Here, we need to consider the definitions of consumer both under Trade Practices Act (TPA) and Goods Act Part IV (GA-IV). As the total price of the goods is $20,500, it is under the TPA s4B(1) (a)(i) prescribed limit. Having satisfied this, we need to consider s4B(1) (a)(iii). There is no evidence showing that John had acquired the goods for the purpose of re-supply or transform them. It might be a consumer contract under TPA. $20,500 exceeds the threshold amount under GA-IV s85(1) (a). John then needs to satisfy s85(1) (b). His materials were of a kind that is ordinarily  acquired for personal consumption. Moreover, s85(1) (c) and (d) did not apply. Therefore, it might also be a consumer contract within s85 of the GA. A consumer contract subjects either to TPA or GA-IV means that Goods Act Part I do not apply. 1.2 TPA or GA-IV? A seller must be a corporation to be under the TPA. As Frank Hardware is a sole proprietor, it therefore is not subjected to the TPA. It then must fall under GA-IV. GA-IV applies to all consumer contracts for the sale of goods that take place in the course of business, irrespective of whether the seller is a corporation, a partnership or a sole trader. 1.3What are the Implied terms that are breached? (i)GA-IV s(90) Fitness for particular purposes John had a contract with Frank for the supply of materials and the sale took place in the course of a business. John made known the purpose for which the goods were required and had relied on his skill and judgement in choosing the appropriate materials. It was also reasonable for John to rely on Frank. Therefore, there is an implied condition that the materials supplied be fit for that particular purpose. However, the materials were not of the purpose for which it was supplied. This implied term had been breached. (ii)GA-IV s(89) Merchantable quality As the materials were sold in the course of a business, there is an implied condition that the materials be fit for their normal purpose(s) having regarded the price. When the materials were delivered, the pine is not limed and the oregon beams  have unsightly knots. John was not aware of the defect before the sale and if John had inspected the materials before sale it would not have revealed the defect. This is because John did not know that he actually had to lime the pine himself and the knots on the beams might not be easily seen. Therefore, there is evidence that this implied term had been breached. 1.4What is the effect of exclusion clause? As the materials bought by John is a kind normally acquired for personal consumption, Frank cannot rely on the exclusion clause to exclude his liability. This is evidenced by GA-IV s95(1). 1.5What are the remedies available? John can terminate the contract and sue for damages. This means that he may return the materials and receive a refund. However, the goods must be returned as provided by s99 that as long as the defect becomes apparent within a reasonable time after delivery, the goods may be returned within reasonable time after discovering the defect. John may also receive compensation for losses caused by the breach of implied terms. 2.0CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN & SUE. 2.1Offer or Invitation to Treat? First, we need to distinguish offer from invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is an invitation to others to make an offer. Generally, an advertisement amounts to an invitation to treat. This is held in Partridge V Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421, where Sue will be inviting John to make an offer. However, there is an exception. An advertisement can also be an offer. This can be illustrated in Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 in which Sue might probably argue that it was an offer. This being the case, Sue is the offeror will stressed that the offer was assumed to be accepted  by John upon saying â€Å" I think that’ll be okay †. An offer, once accepted, cannot be revoked. Therefore there will be a binding contract. Assuming that it is an offer, it can either be a counter offer or a mere request for more information. 2.2Counter Offer or Mere Request for More Information? An offer will be rejected if there is a counter offer. A counter offer tampers with the original condition of the offer, it rejects the original offer and can no longer be accepted at later date. Looking at the words used in John’s reply â€Å" I hadn’t expect it to be so high †, it is possible that this was either an acceptance with a request for more information, or a counter-offer. If the court found the facts here sufficiently similar to those in Stevenson Jacques V McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346, it could hold that the words were a mere request for information. This being the case, the offer remains open and can be accepted. Another alternative is that the court might hold that John’s reply amounts to a counter offer as it seems to add new terms to the offer. This would be similar to Hyde V Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334, in which the counter offer involved a reduction in price. As in that case, the counter offer made by John had the effect of destroying the original offer made by Sue. Sue is then free to accept or reject this counter offer. Sue, by quoting the price of $1500, clearly shows that she had accepted the counter offer and made a new offer. It is now up to John, the offeree, to accept or reject the offer. 2.3Acceptance or Rejection? Sue could rely on the fact that the mode of communication is instantaneous, i.e. a telephone conversation. She will argue that John’s response over the phone is assumed to be an acceptance to the new offer. This forms a contract in which she can argue that it had been breached. REMEDIES FOR SUE (Damages) However, John can argue that there was no contract because his response failed to satisfy the rule that an acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. In fact, it’s a statement of his opinion of what he thought and therefore he reserved the right to change his mind. An offer, which had not been accepted, does not form a contract. Therefore there is no breach of contract and that he did not have to pay the pro rata amount requested by Sue. REMEDIES FOR JOHN (Do not have to pay) Having considered both sides of the argument, it is more likely that there is a contract between John and Sue. And that it is a breach in which John had to pay. 3.0 CONTRACT BETWEEN JOHN AND DRAWIT. It is clear that there is a service contract in which Drawit is to provide a plan for John. Due to the fact that terms implied under Statute only apply to consumer contracts, we need to determine if one exists in order to enforce the implied terms. 3.1Is it a consumer contract? To illustrate whether it is a consumer contract, we need to compare the definition of consumer under Trade Practices Act (TPA) and Goods Act Part IV (GA-IV). s4B(b) (i) of the TPA required that price of the service be less that $40,000. If it exceeds that amount, it must be a kind ordinary acquired for personal use. s85(a) of the GA-IV restricted that amount to be under $20,000. Similarly, if exceeds that prescribed amount, it must be for  personal consumption. Given the service price of $1,400 and that John had acquired it for personal use, it is obvious that it falls under both the TPA and GA-IV. Therefore we know that there is a consumer contract. We then need to identify which of the Acts it falls into. 3.2TPA or GA-IV? TPA probably applies because there is evidence that Drawit is a corporation. This can be recognised by the ‘Pty Ltd’ in Drawits’s company name. Having recognised that it subjects to TPA, it is obvious that GA-IV does not apply. 3.3What are the Implied Warranties that have been breached? As Drawit provide the similar service as Sue, we assumed that John had also made know the purpose for which the plan was required and that relied on the seller’s skills to perform the service. (i)TPA s74(1) Due and skills Drawit supplied the services in the course of a business, so there is an implied warranty that the service will be rendered with due care and skill. The material supplied (plan) in connection with the service must also be fit for the purpose for which they are supplied. It is obvious that Drawit had breached this implied warranty because the material supplied was not fit for the purpose, i.e. it did not meet the Council’s standards. (ii)TPA s74(2) Fitness for particular purposes Applying our assumption that John had made known to Drawit his requirements for which the services were required and that Drawit had supplied the service in the course of a business. There is an implied warranty that the  service and the materials supplied in connection of the service will be reasonably fit for that purpose and that it is reasonable for John in that circumstances to rely on Drawit’s skill. The plan did not meet the Council’s requirement. This shows that it did not fit the purpose for which the services were required. Therefore there is a breach of this warranty. 3.4Can the implied terms be excluded? As the service provided is of a type ordinarily acquired for personal domestic or household use. Under s68 of TPA, Drawit cannot exclude or limit the implied warranties. 3.5What are the remedies that are available? John can terminate the contract and sue for damages. This means that he could get a refund for the services and also receive compensation for the losses caused by the breached of the implied terms.

The Impact Of Globalization On The Environment - 1555 Words

It is widely accepted today that human influence since the advent of the industrial revolution has rapidly increased the negative changes in the Earth s environment.1 In the modern era, the processes and effects of the forces of globalisation can be seen to be exacerbating the problem of environmental decline exponentially. For the purposes of this essay, globalisation can be defined as â€Å"the increased interconnectedness and interdependance of peoples and countries†, involving â€Å"...the opening of borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas across international borders; and the changes in institutional and policy regimes at the international and national levels that facilitate or promote such flows†.2 As shall be shown, the effects on the environment caused by these processes affect all inhabitants of the planet, superseding the jurisdiction of national sovereignty and necessitating the intervention of supranational organisati ons such as the UN in order to mitigate their consequences. The global environment on which we all rely can be considered part of the global commons, defined as â€Å"resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation State†.3 Consequently, environmental problems frequently transcend both national borders and the capacity of the nation state to contend with them.4 Therefore threats to the environment can be understood in terms of Ulrich Beck s conception of risk societies , whereinShow MoreRelatedGlobalization And Its Impact On Environment1380 Words   |  6 Pages2002). Globalisation has affected various nations in a different way such as Economically, Socially and politically. Globalization helps to increases an International Trade, mainly creation of new trade treaty between the developing and developed countries. Globalization binds nations together (Tverberg, G., 2013). The most important thing of globalization is impact on environment is that, there is an improvement on use of resources and aw areness. There is a worldwide market for the companies andRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Environment1750 Words   |  7 Pagesresistance, as anxiety-coping mechanisms, and as networks of solidarity and community (Karner et. al, 2004). The impact globalisation has had upon local religious practices is exemplified by the Batek people of the Peninsular Malaysia, a small population of 1,500 people, whose religion is deeply embedded in their local environment, and processes of globalisation have transformed that environment radically. Hence, as a result of globalisation the importance of geographical spaces, both in the past and theRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Business Environment1732 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization has created a great amount of advantages and disadvantages for businesses of all different varieties. International business relationships have allowed companies to operate more efficiently by moving manufacturing to foreign nations that offer cheape r labor (Petri, 1991). Additionally, the business environment is greatly impacted by global forces that may put organizations at a disadvantage (Lowe McCrohan, 1989). When companies operate on a global level, they are expected to respondRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Business Environment1356 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness operational environment is now characterized by high volatilities and uncertainties than it ever had. Globalization has become the order of the day and a reality to all players both on the domestic and international scene. Those firms that has become oblivious of the global economy are destined to the archives of business history. Corporate strategist are kept busy constructing and coining new strategies to cope with the changing environment. The business environment has become increasinglyRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Business Environment1713 Words   |  7 Pagesthat greatly impact the continual success of a business. More so we live in era where these changes are only accelerating increasing uncertainty and the growing complexity of the business world. Economic power continues to shift eastward and different markets and trade linkages are emerging causing the boundaries between industry and sectors to blurring. Discontinuities and megatrends are an inherent part of today’s business environment and it is important the businesses assess the impact of both theseRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Business Environment2094 Words   |  9 Pagesin one corner of the world affects what happens in the rest of the world. Doing business is no more limited to just national borders. Joint ventures, international consumers/customers and global supply chains are gradually changing the business environment. Previous studies in international business have described the internationalization process of an organization as the path it takes to increase its presence internationally (Welch and Luoustarinen, 1988). Herman, (2008) referred to internationalizationRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The International Security Environment954 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization Without question, globalization has had an impact on the international security environment. More than ever before, nation-states are able to communicate, trade and war with other countries with unprecedented speed. Yet, even in a globalized system, traditional security theories are still valid. Globalization has played an undisputed role in giving non-state actors, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) a voice in the international securityRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Workplace Environments Of Different Cultures Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages Under current United States law, â€Å"a work environment is considered discriminatory only if it is pervasively hostile or abusive† (Green 658). Thus, judgements based on looks are completely tolerated, as aesthetic discrimination is arguably not abusive. Iranian scholar Zahra Ghordati notes in her recent publication, â€Å"The Influence of Globalization on ‘Lookism’ in Workplace Environments of Different Cultures†, that â€Å"individuals should be free to discriminate on the basis of their own values. This meansRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Communities Of Persons And Environments1912 Words   |  8 Pagessourcing pursued with a social purpose† to effect change for communities of persons and environments in need of preservation (Theroux, 1993, p.7). Their financial giving was at the highest level realized by â€Å"any U.S. public company† (Theroux, 1993, p.8). By operating the business in a way which valued the contributions of em ployees at every level and supported all employees (Theroux, 1993, p.8). The main differentiating factor was that the brand valued social steward as highly as it did financialRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Sme with Respect to Tanzanian Environment9022 Words   |  37 Pagesbe an enormous shift of economic power from today’s rich countries to what are still labeled DCs, and especially to Asian DCs This shift is the likely result of the ongoing globalization of economic activities, i.e. the increasing worldwide integration of markets for goods, capital and, last not least, labour. Globalization refers to an evolving pattern of cross-border activities of firms involving international investment, trade and cooperation for purposes of product development, production and