Professional Capstone Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

ASU Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid More

ASU Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid More Over portion of all understudies to Alabama State University get dismissal letters; in 2016, the acknowledgment rate was 46 percent. All things considered, the affirmations bar isnt excessively high. Many conceded understudies have SAT and ACT scores that are underneath normal, and a GPA of C or higher is regularly satisfactory (best candidates are up in the An a B run). The college utilizes a list of GPA and grades for affirmation qualification, so understudies with higher evaluations can have lower test scores and tight clamp versa. Make certain to visit the ASU affirmations site for more data. Will You Get In? Compute Your Chances of Getting Inâ with this free device from Cappex Affirmations Data (2016): Alabama State University Acceptance Rate: 46 percentGPA, ACT and SAT diagram for Alabama StateTest Scores 25th/75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 370/460SAT Math: 360/460What these SAT numbers meanCompare Alabama SAT scoresACT Composite: 15â /19ACT English: 14/19ACT Math: 15â /17What these ACT numbers meanCompare Alabama ACT scores Alabama State University Description: Alabama State University is an open, truly dark college situated on a 135-section of land grounds in Montgomery, a city with a rich social equality history. Established in 1867, the schools long history has advanced with the citys. Today, understudies originate from 42 states and 7 nations, and they can look over approximately 50 degree programs at the undergrad and graduate level. Science, business, criminal equity, and social work are especially famous. The educational program is upheld by a 17 to 1â student/staff proportion. Understudy life is dynamic at the college and incorporates various brotherhoods and sororities. In games, the Alabama State Hornets, contend in the NCAA Division I Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). The college fields seven mens and nine womens Division I sports. Enlistment (2016): Absolute Enrollment: 5,318 (4,727 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38 percent male/62 percent female92 percent full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Educational cost and Fees: $9,220â (in-state); $16,156â (out-of-state)Books: $1,600 (why so much?)Room and Board: $5,422Other Expenses: $3,392Total Cost: $19,634â (in-state); $26,570 (out-of-state) Alabama State University Financial Aid (2015-16): Level of New Students Receiving Aid: 97 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 90 percentLoans: 83 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $6,831Loans: $6,634 Scholastic Programs: Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Communications, Criminal Justice, Elementary Education, Physical Education, Psychology, Social WorkWhat major is directly for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Move, Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time understudies): 63 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 7 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 22 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports: Football, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports: Soccer, Tennis, Volleyball, Softball, Basketball, Bowling, Track and Field Information Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

The Center of Attention and Social Anxiety Disorder

The Center of Attention and Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Overcoming a Fear of Being the Center of Attention When You Have SAD By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 10, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images Fear of attention is common for those with social anxiety disorder (SAD).?? Although avoiding the limelight might feel like a good strategy to control your anxiety, in the long run, you are teaching yourself that you cant handle being in the spotlight. Using Exposure Therapy to Help Address a Fear of Being the Center of Attention In contrast, gradually introducing yourself into situations in which others are focused on you will help you to overcome your fears. This process is known as exposure therapy  and is usually one part of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program.?? You can also practice exposures on your own as part of a self-help regimen. The idea is to create a list of feared situations ranging from the least anxiety-provoking to the most anxiety-provoking. Slowly, you progress through the list, staying in each situation long enough so that your anxiety lessens and you overcome your fears.?? When practicing exposures, it is important not to use partial avoidance strategies or safety behaviors. An example of this would be telling someone your opinion but do it in such a quiet voice that you cant be heard. If you are going to engage in these situations, you need to fully experience the anxiety that arises and then subsides. In addition to practicing in real life, you can also try out situations in your imagination. This is a good way to get started and can have an impact on how you handle them in reality. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Fear Hierarchy Related to Being the Center of Attention Below is a list of potential items for your fear hierarchy related to being the center of attention. Remember to tailor this list to your particular situation and make sure to order the items so that the easiest ones come first.?? Wear something flashy. Wear something that makes you stand out in a crowd.Spill your food. Instead of being afraid to shake and spill your food, do it on purpose.Knock something over in a store. Pretend to fumble and knock over a food display in a grocery store.Stumble over your words. Are you afraid to trip over your words? Do it on purpose and jumble what you are trying to say.Make a phone call in front of people. Instead of waiting to be alone to make a phone call, do it in front of other people.Talk loudly. When you make a phone call talk loud enough so that everyone in earshot can hear you.Offer your opinion about a hot topic. If everyone is discussing a movie or current event, offer your opinion to the group.Answer a question in class. If you are a student, put your hand up and offer an answer the next time your teacher asks the class a question.Participate in a sport. Take part in a sport that will require you to be the center of attention some of the time such as baseball, vo lleyball or horseshoes.Play a game. Play a party game or card game such as Trivial Pursuit or Euchre. Use the above list to create your own fear hierarchy for being the center of attention. If you find that your anxiety is severe or that you are unable to face these types of situations at all, you should consider contacting your doctor or a mental health professional for diagnosis and a treatment plan. Coping With Fear of Social Situations

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development - 877 Words

Jean Piaget is one of many theorists to have proposed ideas about development. However he was the first to make a methodical study of cognitive development. In his theory Piaget describes four main stages of psychological development which he believes children move through. His theory suggests that each stage helps to construct the next; leading cognitive abilities to become more advanced as we grow older. When taking into consideration discontinuity and continuity; Piaget’s cognitive stages leans towards both continuity, due to the belief that children construct their own knowledge based on experiences, and also discontinuity as a child must move through one stage before they can reach another for the cognitive system to develop further. Piaget’s understanding of the different stages suggests that the development of the cognitive structure develops in distinct stages supporting discontinuity. The first stage is known as the ‘Sensorimotor Stage’; which occurs in early childhood, between birth and two years. This is the stage where information is gained through sensory and motor skills. Throughout the first stage the infant is trying to make sense of the world which they see around them. By using assimilation and accommodation, which is the process of relating physical actions and perceived responses to grasp a sense of the world, a child can gradually create schemas and place old schemas to new ideas. Two of the major sensorimotor activities are object permanence andShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1045 Words   |  5 Pageshave shaped our understandings of the human mind and our behaviors. Jean Piaget was by no means an exception. Piaget was a clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Over the course of his later career in child psychology, he identified four stages of mental development that took into account young people s development from basic object identification t o highly abstract thought. This paperRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1553 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget is considered to be very influential in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget had many influences in his life which ultimately led him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. His theory has multiple stages and components. The research done in the early 1900’s is still used today in many schools and homes. People from various cultures use his theory when it comes to child development. Although there are criticisms and alternatives to his theory, it is still largelyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I want to analyse Jean Piaget’s (1936) stage theory of cognitive development and Erik Erikson’s (1959) theory on stage development. Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development where Erikson’s applies a more psychosocial lens. I will be analysin g the key concepts of each theory and comparing them to see the similarities and differences in the theorists thinking. Piaget’s theory is made up of four stages. The first stage was the sensitometer stage. This occurs from birth to twoRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s theory of development many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget arguesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive And Affective Development1693 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget Timothy Carlton Southwest Tennessee Community College A Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For Life Span Psychology 2130-L01 July 31, 2014 â€Æ' â€Æ' Abstract Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive and Affective Development is a result of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding mental processes and the behaviors presented by those processes. Piaget’s theory encompasses developmentRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development895 Words   |  4 Pageshave contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He is one of the mostRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small setRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theories

International Labor Standards Of Child Work - 906 Words

V. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE International labour standards characterize child work by its outcomes; it includes work that is rationally, physically, socially or ethically perilous and destructive to children, and meddles with their educating. UNICEF characterizes child work as work that surpasses a base number of hours, contingent upon the age of a child and on the sort of work. The 18th International Conference of Labor Statisticians held at Geneva held that Child work (slated for nullification) ought to reflect the engagement of children in undesirable exercises and could fall into the accompanying classes: (i) Labour that is performed by a child who is below the minimum age specified for that kind of work and that is thus likely to impede the child’s education and full development. (ii) Labour that jeopardizes the health, safety or morals of a child, either because of its nature or because of the conditions in which it is carried out (known as hazardous work). (iii) The worst forms of child labour other than hazardous work which are internationally defined to encompass children (persons below 18 years of age) in slavery, trafficking, debt bondage and other forms of forced labour, forced recruitment of children for use in armed conflict, their use in prostitution and pornography, and illicit activities The International Labor Organization has evaluated that in 2004 there were 218 million children caught in child work of whom 126 million where in dangerous work. TheShow MoreRelatedIs Your Chocolate the Result of Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor650 Words   |  3 Pagesof Unfair Exploitation of Child Labor?† 1. Should labor practices in another country be a relevant consideration in international trade? Why or why not? Yes, labor practices in another country should be relevant for consideration in international trade. The reason for concern is labor and social advocates has increased imports from countries in which labor standards are apparently not enforced at an adequately high level. It’s important to have labor restrictions and eliminateRead MoreChild Labor During A Nike Factory1666 Words   |  7 PagesCHILD LABOR IN A NIKE FACTORY IN PAKISTAN Abstract This paper especially focuses on the problem of Child Labor in Pakistan with respect to the case of the world-renowned sports brand Nike and its use of children in its factories in Pakistan. A set of laws that can be established to eradicate this evil from Pakistan have been elaborated upon in the paper, these proposals include the Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), the International Human Right Treaty by the General AssemblyRead MoreIkea’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor1548 Words   |  7 PagesIKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor Ethics in Business and Society Professor Stephen Griffith Otis West Tuesday, November 6, 2012 IKEA is the world’s largest furniture store that offers well-designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices. The store offers home furnishings to meet the needs of everyone. The company vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people. Ikea is able to back their vision with their products and prices. In additionalRead MoreCall to Improve Living and Working Conditions Before World War I582 Words   |  3 Pagesliving conditions, and equal labor standards began before the outbreak of the World War I. This lead to the formation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 1919 by the Treaty Versailles, with the main objective of promoting peace and social justice in the labor industry. However over the past 90 years, the ILO has adopted more than 188 conventions on topics such as collective bargaining, freedom of association, gender discrimination, forced labor, child labor, social security, occupationalRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Labour1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe tem â€Å"Child Labour† is often defined as work that deprives children from their childhood, their potential and their dignity and that is harmful to physical and mental development. It is serious and extensive problem with many children under the age of 14 years. Children living in poorest household and in rural areas are mostly likely to be engaged in child labour. Children have worked for as long as families have needed all hands to pitch in. Beyond defining work as a means of survival, definingRead MoreExploration of Child Labor1677 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor, a Global Problem with Local Causes Christopher King, Debra Hang - Aguayo, India Williams University of Phoenix It is hard to imagine that in 2009 that child labor still exists. However, it is true that children all over the world are waking up and going to work instead of going to school. As the gap between the rich and poor grows, more children will be forced to give up school for work. Is there an answer to this problem that will lead to the elimination of the dilemmaRead MoreDefense Of Globalization Is Beneficial For Every Nation1064 Words   |  5 PagesBhagwati gives an in-depth definition of globalization as the â€Å"integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct-foreign investment, short term capital flows, international flows of workers†¦ and flows of technology.† Then he tackles down various issues such as globalization’s effects on domestic and foreign labor market, women’s rights, gender discrimination, child labor abuse, and environmental destruction. The scope of Bhagwati’s book mainly embraces globa lization andRead MoreEssay about When will child labor cease to exist?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhen will child labor cease to exist? Child labor is and has always been a difficult problem to address. In the global market system which exists today, the problem has become that much more difficult. Now more than ever before, markets are interdependent, and the regulation and governance of them is a convoluted process to say the least. The regulatory structure is not intact; no one knows who will regulate such issues, internationally and locally, governmentally, and in the private sectorRead MoreEffectively Managing Employee Compensation and Benefit Packages1289 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization can take when structuring global benefit packages. It is important for the human resources team to remember that different types of plans may be needed for an organization that operates in many countries simultaneously. What works in one country may not work in another, which highlights the need for the human resources team to have an in-depth understanding and comprehensive knowledge base of each country in which their or ganization operates. Haile and Williams (2011) advise organizationsRead MoreRules On How It Could Be Connected867 Words   |  4 Pagescould be connected. Suggestions can likewise be self-governing, i.e. not connected to any convention. Conventions and proposals are drawn up by agents of governments, bosses, and specialists and are received at the ILO s yearly International Labor Conference. Once a standard is embraced, part states are required under the ILO Constitution to submit them to their skilled power (regularly the parliament) for thought (Hughes Haworth, 2011). On account of traditions, this implies thought for sanction

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Free Essays

The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is the Scientific Method; of which will be further explored. This paper will discuss and make sense of the roles in which both research and statistics play in the field of Psychology, and the procedures in which such methods are conducted will be defined. This will include explanations of the validity, importance, and relevance of the above stated procedures, as such are referenced for study. The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Research and statistics play a crucial role in the field of psychology, both of which are used to ascertain and examine informational data. Such methods are used to greatly increase the effectiveness and success of an organization or field of study. Scientific or logical informational data is typically established through the use of the scientific method. Over the course of research history and study, the scientific method has become known to be the most reliable and consistent method of obtaining dependable knowledge. Such knowledge is then kept and utilized by researchers, either for their own study (primary data), or by a secondary party referencing said data (secondary data). Essentially, the field of Psychology is geared towards ascertaining the truth about people, the mental process, and behaviors that follow. The truth can only truly be found through the above methods. The Scientific Method For as long as the human mind has had thought, human beings have, in one way or another, questioned, observed, and analyzed the world we live in and the way we proceed to live within it. These human beings, the thinkers, the observers, the analyzers have always been and still remain the scholars of their time period. The phrase â€Å"method of scholars† is an alternative title for the scientific method, for it is the absolute best set of methods in finding the truth, and of course the scholars would know. It has often been said that the greatest discovery in science was the discovery of the scientific method of discovery†: (Feibleman, 1972). This method is an investigation in which a problem is initially identified. With this, observations, experiments, and other relevant data (provided by research) are then used to create or test hypotheses that lead to conclusions about the original prob lem. The steps involved in this process include: 1) Forming a testable hypothesis. 2) Devising a research plan and method of application. 3) Collecting data and researching. 4) Analyzing the data and reaching possible conclusions about the study. ) Report findings. This research can be characterized as an activity of creative work that is carried out in a systematic way in an effort to increase knowledge and truth. In the field of psychology, this refers to the knowledge of the human mind, human behavior, cultures, and societies. In order to fully understand how researchers, scientists, psychologists, scholars, and students alike reach such conclusions, one needs to recognize the importance of the research process and measures that are applied when conducting the various types of psychological research. With this knowledge, one will not only understand what is involved in reaching conclusions about psychology, but also how to do so oneself. (McLeod, 2008) Primary and Secondary Data. Primary and secondary data are both key components in any piece of information. These two types of data are used within many avenues of life, not just research and science. They can be published or unpublished and in any media presentation, from print to electronic. Therefore, since Primary and secondary data are quite abundant, yet perhaps undistinguishable from the uneducated eye†¦ What exactly are the differences and characteristics of such? The distinct difference between primary and secondary data is the method of research in which the data was found. While primary data is both researched and utilized by the same source, secondary data comes from the research of a combination of external or secondary sources. An accurate example of primary data is that of personal vital statistics records, for such are accounts that have been personally witnessed and recorded by the source, and then kept by public institutions, as well as the source. Specific examples of personal records would include but are not limited to: birth certificates, death certificates, and marriage licenses. Such examples are vital to the functioning of an individual and the organization (country) of which that individual resides. Additionally, such documents can be used in genealogical research, and other research projects related to society, culture, and psychology. One stepped removed from the original source of data, would be data that is secondary. A prime example of such would be information found in textbooks and historical documents, which are comprised of information that was borrowed from multiple primary sources. Case in point, when a history book includes computed data regarding a regions birth and death rates for a specific time period, the birth and death certificates would have originally been considered primary data, but when utilized and calculated by an outside source for the purpose of a study shown in the book, that data then becomes secondary. (McLeod, 2008) Statistics in Research. Statistics are a crucial part of research. Without, statistics, it is nearly impossible to attain a definitive conclusion and/or compute data in any research study. Being that the study of statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and making inferences from data, it quite literally communicates research findings in an effort to give credibility to the research itself. Obviously, it is imperative that researchers understand statistics, however, it is also important that the general population has at least a basic understanding of such. For not only researchers, but the entire population is bombarded by statistics every day, and in one way or another, everyone performs research. Whether the research is nominal, such as comparing prices, or significant, such as proving a ground breaking psychological theory, the point remains that it is all research and all research is comprised of statistics (Aron Coups, 2009). Conclusion. Arthur Schopenhauer once said, â€Å"Just as the largest library, badly arranged, is not so useful as a very moderate one that is well arranged, so the greatest amount of knowledge, if not elaborated by our own thoughts, is worth much less than a far smaller volume that has been abundantly and repeatedly thought over. Schopenhauer’s quote is an excellent representation of the importance of research, the scientific method, primary data, secondary data, and the role of statistics in research. Essentially, an abundance of information is only influential and valuable when it has been analyzed and brought to purposeful point. Through the understanding and proper use of the above explored topics, one can surely make a positive impact up on the field of Psychology and research alike. References Aron, A. , Aron, E. N. , Coups, E. J. (2009). Statistics for psychology (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 428. Retrieved from http://todayinsci. com/QuotationsCategories/P_Cat/Psychology-Quotations. htm Feibleman, Dr. James. (1972). The Scientific Method. Retrieved from http://www. scientificmethod. com/index2. html McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychology as a Science. Retrieved from http://www. simplypsychology. org/science-psychology. html Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson. (2002). â€Å"A scientific method based upon research scientists’ conceptions of scientific inquiry. (Presentation). Presented at the Annual International Conference of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science. Retrieved from http://cires. colorado. edu/education/outreach/rescipe/collection/inquirystandards. html Sage, Nicole. (2001). â€Å"Steps of the Scientific Method†. Introduction to Research. Retrieved from http://finntrack. co. uk/learners/research. htm Figures The S cientific Method based on Research Scientists’ Conceptions of Scientific Inquiry (Reiff, Harwood, Phillipson , 2002) Standard Steps of the Scientific Method (Sage, 2001) How to cite The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology, Essays The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Free Essays John B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skinner’s radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinner’s emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influences in human development. Watson’s criticized of Sigmund Freud has been given credit for helping to disseminate principles of Freudian psychoanalysis. Watson is known for the Little Albert study and his dozen healthy infants quote. Watson is given credit for popularizing the term behaviorism with the publication of his seminal 1913 article â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. † In the article, Watson argued that psychology had failed in its quest to become a natural science, largely due to a focus on consciousness and other unseen phenomena. Rather than study these unverifiable ideas, Watson urged the careful scientific study of observable behavior. His view of behaviorism was a reaction to introspection, where each researcher served as their own research subject. The study of consciousness by Freud and Watson believed to be subjective and unscientific. Watson believed that controlled laboratory studies were the most effective way to study learning. In approach manipulation of the learner’s environment was the key to fostering development. The approach stands in contrast to techniques that placed the emphasis for learning in the mind of the learner. The 1913 article gives credit for the founding of behaviorism but it had a minor impact after its publication. Watson prepared psychologists and educators for the highly influential work of Skinner and other radical behaviorists in subsequent decades. B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. His most important work was the study of behaviorism. John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today; Influence in Psychology. B. F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. Skinner was responsible for experiments such as the â€Å"Skinner box†. He wrote some very famous books. One of them was â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†. This book describes the basic points of his system. Another was Walden Two. This book describes a utopian society that functions on positive reinforcement. Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that is interested in observable behavior. Skinner said, â€Å"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the philosophy of that science. † There are various types of behavior, such as innate behavior. Innate behaviors are certain behaviors. B. F. Skinner, in his novel Walden Two, presents many arguments about how he foresees a positive change in the world through manipulation of behavior on the personal level. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. This organism is the process of operating on the environment. This operating the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus called a reinforcing stimulus or reinforcer. The special stimulus have the effect of increasing the operant which is the behavior occurring. Operant conditioning the behavior is followed by a consequence or the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms’ tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. Example; you have a cat and the cat just playing around with a ball and when you throw the ball at the cat and the cat catches it and you give him a treat. The cat is starts to catch the ball as you throw it in the air . The operant is the behavior prior to. The cat will stop the trick which you’re were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. If you were to start showing the dog treats then likely the cat with start doing the tricks again and more quickly than the cat learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the first time the cat was reinforced for doing the tricks. Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside barriers that hinder the ideal of free ill. Skinner believes that humans in good environment can live happy while Freud understands that humans are design to live in some degree of anguish or discontent. Skinner uses the example of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be formed. Skinner’s argues on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Ski nner does not only say that the ideal of individual freedom is farce. He takes further and states that the search for it is where society has gone wrong. He wants no part in the quest for individual freedom. If we give up this illusion, says Skinner, we can condition everyone to act in acceptable ways. Skinner has a specific prescription for creating this utopian society. He believe that all that is necessary is to change the conditions which surround man. He believe that by controlling what a person’s environment is it is possible to craft a man to behave in any way. Skinner wants to use this notion to create a world without pain and suffering. In Walden Two, he describes what conditions are necessary to create a world of happiness. Skinner proposes that to create his perfect society one need only to come up with the characteristics of what man should be. Edward Chace Tolman was a modern cognitive psychology. He showed that animals in learning mazes acquire organized spatial and temporal information about the maze and about the consequences of various alternative behaviors. He was combating the dominant views of his time which emphasized the acquisition of conditioned reflexes rather than knowledge about environmental events. Although several short biographies or reviews of Tolman’s contributions are (Crutchfield, 1961; Crutchfield et al. 1960; Hilgard, 1980; Innes, 1999, 2000; McFarland, 1993; Ritchie, 1964; Tolman, 1952), it is appropriate that one be included in an encyclopedia of learning and memory because workers in this field today are using ideas that were initiated and developed by Tolman. Tolman’s findings and ideal have helped to shape modern understanding of learning, memory and cogniti on. Tolman was similar to the behaviorists in his ideals on objectivity and measurement. He did not believe reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur. Tolman (1932) proposed five types of learning: pproach learning, escape learning, avoidance learning, choice-point learning, and latent learning. All forms of learning depend upon means-end readiness, goal-oriented behavior, mediated by expectations, perceptions, representations, and other internal or environmental variables But the problems with his work were that he poorly defined many terms that he used in his fundamental theories, and that is difficult to make predictions from a point of view because of lack of determining the nature and strength of expectations before hand and when or how expectations may change. There are different ways to think about humans and their behaviors. In modern psychology provide researchers a way to approach problems and find ways to explain and predict human behavior. Develop new treatment for problem with behaviors. All three men contributes to psychology even to psychologist are still using their methods in studies. Several area of the human’s behavior is accomplished by Skinner, Watson and Tolman that stand today in modern psychology. These men did not agree on every thing but made a caramel ground in studying the human behavior. Also they was studied of animal compare with the human’s behavior which many theory still exist today. These three men remain widely accepted, but all have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human thought and behaviors. The field of psychology has come a long way and these are three men that help paved the way for modern psychology for researchers and student who studied field pertaining to psychology. How to cite The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology, Essays

Plato Vs Shelley Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Platonism

Plato Vs Shelley Many works of literature provide responses to much debated topics. Opinions are brought forth by means of rhetorical devices and supported by some type of accepted truth. In two such pieces, The Republic by Plato and A Defense of Poetry by Shelley, Plato expresses a belief about poetry that Shelley disagrees with and responds to. Through rhetorical devices such as metaphors and symbolism and the use of deductive logic and Socratic writing, Plato provides a strong, very supported argument while Shelleys long sentence structure, analogies and metaphors are weak in comparison. The way in which Plato uses deductive logic to express his opinion allows him to fully develop his ideas without making assertions that are incredible. Plato begins with the idea of the ultimate maker of the bed, which he refers to as G-d which is easily accepted by the majority of an audience. Plato believed that there is only one who makes the essence of the bed, (44) the single idea and therefore that is the truth. From there he goes to the carpenter. There is another (bed) which is the work of the carpenter. (44) And finally Plato defines his thesis through metaphor. He uses a metaphor that compares the work of a poet to a mirror. Turning a mirror round and round you would soon enough make the sun and the heavens, and the earth and yourself, and other animals and plants, and all other things of which we were just speaking, in the mirrorbut they would be appearances only. (44) The way in which the writing is interactive with two people creates contradictions, which challenge Plat os beliefs, yet they are still proven throughout. Why not? For the duller eye may often see a thing sooner than the keener. Very true, but in your presence, even if I had any further notion, I could not muster courage to utter it. (43) While this Socratic writing helps Plato to make his argument even more concrete, Shelley uses essay form to portray his ideas somewhat in response to beliefs like those of Plato. Shelleys writing differs in form from Platos in that Shelleys is more straight forward and seems almost as if it were meant to be preached. Reason is to the imagination as the instrument to the agent, as the body to the spirit, as the shadow to the substance. (429) The analogy that Shelley uses portrays that reason is the basis of the imagination, implying that poetry holds truth, yet it is an idealized truth, which is determined by Plato in The Republic to be essentially false. Shelley uses a similar metaphor of a mirror, as did Plato. Poetry is a mirror which makes beautiful that which is distorted. (431) While Shelley is trying to defend poetry, he is still representing is as an image, just as Plato had. Plato uses this mirror symbol more successfully in that he makes the assertion that that in which is imitated, as is a mirror image, is far from the truth. Shelley only states that the image (poetry) is more beautiful than the truth, which is distorted. Plato and Shelley both portray their ideas of poetry through rhetorical devices but Platos argument is much more solid. Because of his Socratic writing form and effective use of metaphors, Platos devices persuasively outweigh Shelleys form, analogies and metaphors. Philosophy